paint Protection ADELAIDE

Make it Shine

Revitalise your vehicle's look with our meticulous paint correction process.

We skillfully eliminate imperfections like swirl marks and light scratches using cutting-edge compounds and precise polishing, resulting in a seamless, uniform, and glossy finish.

Choose from our 1-step or 2-step paint correction services, tailored to diverse vehicle types and paint conditions.

Our commitment to excellence is reflected in the transformative outcome, showcasing your vehicle with impeccable and lustrous appearance.

Consider extending this brilliance with our Paint Protection solutions.

Explore packages designed to safeguard your investment, providing protection and a sustained glossy sheen with minimal maintenance.

PROTECTION PACKAGES

  • Essential

Decontamination

  • Multi stage wash ( ph neutral snow foam )

  • Two bucket method hand wash 

  • Iron fall out treatment ( removing bug, tar, loosening up environmental fall out )

  • Clay bar ( removes all contamination )

  • masking all plastic, molds, rubber, door jams (this helps prevent polishing residue going into hard to reach areas ) 

  • Cleaning glass 

Key essential features 

  • Multi stage paint correction ( removal 99 percent of defects )

  • Paint refinement, increased gloss & clarity 

  • Removing polish residue 

  • Removing masking from all plastic, rubber, mold & door jams 

  • Applying two layer of CERAMIC PRO 9H HARDNESS ( FIVE YEAR PROTECTION )

  • Warranty card

  • A Maintenance care bottle

  • Free Glass or Wheel face coating  

Installation Time Required : 3 Days

  • Hatch / Small car - $999

  • Sedan / Mid size - $1,199

  • SUV - $1,399

  • advanceD 👑

Decontamination

Decontamination

  • Multi stage wash ( ph neutral snow foam )

  • Two bucket method hand wash 

  • Iron fall out treatment ( removing bug, tar, loosening up environmental fall out )

  • Clay bar ( removes all contamination )

  • masking all plastic, molds, rubber, door jams (this helps prevent polishing residue going into hard to reach areas ) 

  • Cleaning glass 

Key essential features 

  • Multi stage paint correction ( removal 99 percent of defects )

  • Paint refinement, increased gloss & clarity 

  • Removing polish residue 

  • Removing masking from all plastic, rubber, mold & door jams 

  • Applying two layer of CERAMIC PRO ION HARDNESS & top coat ( Seven YEAR PROTECTION )

  • 10H hardness  

  • Four time thicker & durable then any coating on the market

  • warranty card 

  • Maintenance after care bottle 

  • Free Glass or Wheel face coating 

Installation Time Required : 3 Days

  • Hatch / Small car - $1,199

  • Sedan / Mid size - $1,299

  • SUV - $1,499

Our Process

  • paint protection adelaide

    Decontamination

    Embarking on the path to optimal paint protection, the decontamination process stands as the pivotal first phase in our meticulous two-part journey.

    This thorough procedure is dedicated to ensuring the pristine cleanliness of your vehicle's surface, adeptly eliminating surface grime, dust, and contaminants.

    The process unfolds with a carefully orchestrated sequence, starting with a presoak foam, followed by a comprehensive pressure rinse and a meticulous hand wash.

    Advancing further, the focus shifts to chemical decontamination.

    In this critical stage, our experts apply specialized iron and fallout removers, followed by a targeted mechanical decontamination using a clay bar.

    The overarching goal is to proactively eliminate contaminants before they have the chance to compromise your vehicle's exterior.

    This strategic decontamination lays the groundwork not only for a flawless paint correction but, more importantly, for the subsequent layer of protection that will safeguard and enhance your vehicle's allure.

  • Correction

    Crafted to elevate and rejuvenate your vehicle's paintwork, the correction process is intricately designed to eliminate surface imperfections.

    These imperfections span from swirl marks, fine scratches, to bird dropping etching, bonded contamination, and hazing.

    Tailoring our correction service to the unique condition of your vehicle's paint and your desired results, we embark on a journey to restore and enhance.

    Depending on the paint's current state and your preferences, our service may encompass a decontamination pass, refinishing, multi-stage polishing, and the groundwork for the next crucial step – coating and protection.

    Our primary goal is to ensure your vehicle's paint achieves its utmost potential before we proceed to the subsequent phase

  • ceramic paint protection in adelaide

    Paint Protection

    As the correction phase concludes, we seamlessly progress to the pinnacle of protection – our advanced ceramic coating stage.

    With CeramicPro accreditation and extensive expertise, we offer top-tier automotive care.

    This key protection step is the culmination of our meticulous journey, designed to endow your vehicle with premium ceramic coating benefits: heightened gloss, fortified scratch resistance, and extended durability.

    Our skilled application ensures an even coating, forming an invisible shield that enhances aesthetics and provides steadfast protection.

    Trust in our proficiency as we guide your vehicle into a new era of brilliance, preserving the flawlessness achieved in the correction process.

    Opt for ultimate automotive care and protection with our CeramicPro accredited installation, ensuring your vehicle's allure remains vibrant and enduring.

enhance your vehicle

accredited installer OF CERAMICPRO

CERAMIC PRO 9h

  • Experience the best paint protection in Adelaide with our CeramicPro 9H coating.

    Our top-tier product offers unmatched protection and shine, keeping your vehicle looking brand new.

    • Superior Protection:

    CeramicPro 9H forms a permanent bond with the surface, providing the ultimate paint protection against environmental effects.

    • High Gloss Finish:

    The coating enhances the original paintwork’s appearance with its high gloss finish.

    • Ease of Cleaning:

    The hydrophobic nature of CeramicPro 9H makes cleaning your vehicle a breeze; dirt and grime easily wash off.

  • Investing in CeramicPro 9H coating is investing in the longevity of your vehicle.

    It not only maintains the aesthetic appeal of your vehicle but also reduces maintenance costs in the long run.

  • Hardness: 9H

    Durability: Permanent

    Thickness: 2-3 microns

    Finish: High Gloss

    Water Contact Angle: 110 degrees

    pH Tolerance: 2-13

    Temperature Tolerance: up to 750°C

WINDSHIELD WATER BEAD

  • Experience the clearest view on Adelaide’s roads with our CeramicPro Glass Protection.

    It offers superior protection for your vehicle’s glass surfaces, ensuring optimal visibility at all times.

    • Superior Protection:

    CeramicPro Glass Protection forms a hydrophobic barrier that protects against water, dirt, and environmental contaminants.

    • Improved Visibility:

    The coating significantly improves visibility in rainy conditions due to its water-repelling properties.

    • Ease of Cleaning:

    The hydrophobic nature of the coating makes cleaning your vehicle’s glass surfaces simple and effective.

  • Your vehicle’s glass surfaces are constantly exposed to harsh environmental conditions.

    CeramicPro Glass Protection provides a durable, protective layer that helps maintain visibility and the integrity of your glass surfaces.

  • Durability: 1 year

    Finish: Invisible

    Water Contact Angle: 110 degrees

    pH Tolerance: 2-11

wheel & caliperS

  • Discover Adelaide’s ultimate solution for wheel and caliper protection with our CeramicPro Wheel & Caliper Protection.

    It’s specifically designed to withstand extreme conditions, providing superior protection for your vehicle’s wheels and calipers.

    • High-Temperature Resistance:

    CeramicPro Wheel & Caliper Protection is designed to resist high temperatures, making it perfect for protecting brake calipers.

    • Superior Protection:

    It provides excellent protection against dirt, brake dust, and other contaminants.

    • Ease of Cleaning:

    Its hydrophobic properties make cleaning your wheels and calipers easier than ever.

  • Your vehicle’s wheels and calipers are constantly exposed to harsh conditions.

    CeramicPro Wheel & Caliper Protection offers a durable, protective layer that helps maintain the appearance and integrity of these crucial components.

  • Hardness: 9H

    Durability: 3 years

    Thickness: 2-3 microns

    Finish: Glossy

    Water Contact Angle: 110 degrees

    pH Tolerance: 2-13

    Temperature Tolerance: up to 1200°C

BOATS & MARINE

  • Safeguard your marine vessel in Adelaide’s waters with our CeramicPro Marine Protection.

    It’s specifically designed to withstand harsh marine conditions, providing superior protection for your boat or yacht.

    • Superior Protection:

    CeramicPro Marine Protection forms a hydrophobic barrier that protects against salt water, bird droppings, and other marine contaminants.

    • UV Resistance:

    The coating offers excellent UV resistance, preventing fading and aging of your vessel’s surfaces.

    • Ease of Cleaning:

    Its hydrophobic properties make cleaning your vessel easier than ever.

  • Your marine vessel is constantly exposed to harsh marine conditions.

    CeramicPro Marine Protection offers a durable, protective layer that helps maintain the appearance and integrity of your vessel, extending its life and value.

  • Durability: 3 years

    Finish: Glossy

    Water Contact Angle: 110 degrees

    pH Tolerance: 2-11

INTERIOR LEATHER

  • Preserve the luxury of your vehicle’s interior with our CeramicPro Leather Protection.

    As Adelaide’s leading choice for leather protection, it keeps your leather surfaces looking and feeling as good as new.

    • Superior Protection:

    CeramicPro Leather Protection forms a hydrophobic barrier that protects against stains, spills, and UV rays.

    • Maintains Look and Feel:

    It preserves the original look and feel of the leather without affecting its breathability.

    • Ease of Cleaning:

    The coating makes cleaning simple and effective, allowing for easy removal of dirt and spills.

  • Your vehicle’s leather surfaces are prone to wear and tear over time.

    CeramicPro Leather Protection helps maintain the luxury and comfort of your vehicle’s interior, extending the life of your leather surfaces.

  • Durability: 2 years

    Finish: Invisible

    Water Contact Angle: 100 degrees

    pH Tolerance: 2-11

PLASTIC TRIMS

  • Preserve the quality of your vehicle’s plastic surfaces with our CeramicPro Plastic Protection.

    As Adelaide’s leading choice for plastic protection, it keeps your plastic surfaces looking as good as new.

    • Superior Protection:

    CeramicPro Plastic Protection forms a hydrophobic barrier that protects against UV rays, scratches, and environmental contaminants.

    • Restores Plastic Surfaces:

    The coating restores faded plastic surfaces to their original appearance.

    • Ease of Cleaning:

    Its hydrophobic properties make cleaning your vehicle’s plastic surfaces simple and effective.

  • Your vehicle’s plastic surfaces are prone to fading and wear over time.

    CeramicPro Plastic Protection helps maintain the appearance of your vehicle’s interior and exterior plastic surfaces, extending their life and value.

  • Durability: 2 years

    Finish: Matte or Glossy

    Water Contact Angle: 110 degrees

    pH Tolerance: 2-11

advanced enthusiast package (exterior + interior)

Introducing our Advance Enthusiast Package, the ultimate in vehicle care and protection, designed for the true car enthusiast.

This package takes vehicle detailing and protection to an unprecedented level, combining meticulous decontamination processes with advanced paint correction and state-of-the-art coating technology.

    • Multi stage wash ( ph neutral snow foam )

    • Three bucket method hand wash 

    • Iron fall out treatment ( removing bug, tar, loosening up environmental fall out )

    • Clay bar ( removes all contamination )

    • masking all plastic, molds, rubber, door jams (this helps prevent polishing residue going into hard to reach areas ) 

    • Cleaning glass 

    • Multi stage paint correction ( removal 99 percent of defects )

    • Paint refinement, increased gloss & clarity 

    • Removing polish residue 

    • Removing masking from all plastic, rubber, mold & door jams 

    • Interior ceramic coating including fabric, leather, dash, doors console ceramic coated 

    • Applying two layer CERAMIC Ion base coat & Ion top coat

      ( 7 YEAR PROTECTION )

    • Four time thicker & durable then any coating on the market

    • Warranty card

    • After care maintenance bottle 

    • Free Glass or Wheel face coating

    • Extended 7-Year Protection:

      • Our most durable protection yet, designed to withstand the test of time.

    • Ultimate Scratch and Defect Removal:

      • Multi-stage paint correction eliminates 99% of defects, achieving unparalleled clarity and gloss.

    • Exceptional Coating Thickness and Durability:

      • The Ion base and top coats are four times thicker and more durable than any other coatings, offering unmatched protection.

    • Ease Of Maintenance:

      • With the included after-care maintenance bottle and plush silk drying towel, keeping your vehicle in pristine condition is effortless.

    • Comprehensive Protection Without Compromise:

      • While this package focuses on paint protection, it sets the foundation for complete vehicle care.

    • Advanced Decontamination:

      • Utilizes a three-bucket method hand wash, iron fallout treatment, and clay bar for thorough cleaning.

    • Precision Detailing:

      • Includes careful masking of all sensitive areas to prevent polish residue, ensuring a flawless finish.

    • Multi-Stage Paint Correction:

      • Removes up to 99% of surface defects, significantly enhancing gloss and clarity.

    • Innovative Coating Technology:

      • Applies two layers of Ceramic Ion base and top coats for unparalleled protection and shine.

    • Comprehensive decontamination and multi-stage wash, ensuring the vehicle is free from all contaminants.

    • Detailed paint correction process to remove nearly all defects and enhance the vehicle's natural gloss.

    • Application of two advanced Ceramic Ion layers, providing a robust shield against environmental elements.

    • Exclusive after-care kit, including a maintenance bottle and a plush silk drying towel, for ongoing care and protection.

    Please Note: This package focuses on paint protection and does not include glass, wheel, and fabric protection.

  • A solid seven-year warranty backs the exceptional durability and protection offered by this package, ensuring your peace of mind.

  • Installation Time Required : 3 Days

    • Hatch / Small car - $1,499

    • Sedan / Mid size - $1,599

    • SUV - $1,799

add protection extras

ceramic coating adelaide

INTERIOR PROTECTION

    • Protects against life’s little “everyday accidents”, such as spills and light scratch marks.

    • Protects against stains on fabric, vinyl and leather surfaces caused by food and drinks such as water, coffee, soft drinks and milk.

    • It helps prevent fading of all interior surfaces caused by UV rays.

    • It helps prevent cracking and peeling of vinyl and leather surfaces caused by UV and heat.

  • 4 Hours

  • Small Cars & Sedans | $240

    Vans, Wagons & 4WD’s | $320

ceramic coating adelaide

GLASS PROTECTION

  • The glass surfaces of your car are often exposed to very harsh conditions, such as extreme heat and cold (including rapid changes from one to the other), direct sun exposure, heavy rainfall, tar and other hazardous objects that flick up from the road.

    We use HIKARI glass coating which is a highly effective repellent that protects your car’s glass surfaces from even the most extreme conditions.

    Our ceramic car glass coating combines easy-to-clean qualities with durability to protect your car’s glass from environmental factors and ensure that your car’s windows won’t gradually deteriorate over time or accumulate dirt and other contaminants.

  • 5 Hours

  • Small Cars & Sedans | $230

    Vans, Wagons & 4WD’s | $300

wheel/RIM PROTECTION

  • With our wheel rim protection service, we’ll apply HIKARI Wheel Protection coating to your wheels to help protect them from brake dust and other contaminants that would otherwise bake onto the surface and cause damage.

    The hydrophobic properties of the coating means your wheels will stay cleaner for longer and be easier to clean as the surface will release light dirt and grime as the water beads and rolls off, giving them a superior gloss finish.

  • 5 Hours

  • All Vehicle Types | $300

 FAQs

  • Paint correction is a process that involves removing imperfections from your vehicle’s paintwork.

    These imperfections can include swirl marks, fine scratches, bird dropping etching, bonded contamination, and hazing.

    The goal of paint correction is to restore your vehicle’s paint to its original condition, if not better.

  • While paint correction can significantly improve the appearance of your vehicle by removing many surface imperfections, it may not be able to remove all scratches and marks, especially if they have penetrated through the clear coat and into the paint layer.

    We recommend having a consultation with our team to assess the condition of your vehicle’s paintwork.

  • We believe in providing a quality and premium service, particularly with our paint protection service where attention to detail and a high level of perfectionism are required.

    But we also know that the service itself is only one part of the equation.

    The second most important factor in delivering a quality and premium paint protection service is the product.

    We only use the best products for our paint protection service, and the Japanese-made HIKARI products are the best.

    But most customers don’t know that once you’ve opened a bottle of any ceramic coating product, it begins a natural crystallisation process. This means that the product’s quality and effectiveness decreases.

    At Fine Automotive Detailing, we never use the same bottle again, meaning that we’ll use a brand new bottle of HIKARI on your vehicle and then discard it once we’re done.

  • When Ceramic Pro selects a company to represent its brand, the utmost care is taken in choosing one that reflects the highest standards of quality workmanship.

    Fine Automotive Detailing has earned the distinction of being an accredited installer through rigorous training provided by professionals at Ceramic Pro.

    Our team has undergone comprehensive training to master the precise application techniques, ensuring not only the correct use of Ceramic Pro products but also delivering impeccable results.

    As the sole company in South Australia with the certification to use Ceramic Pro, Fine Automotive Detailing stands as a testament to excellence in paint protection.

  • Ceramic Pro distinguishes itself through a remarkable journey that began in 2012 when it introduced one of the world's first 9H hardness ceramic coatings.

    Utilising state-of-the-art technology, Ceramic Pro has consistently delivered some of the finest coatings for automotive, marine, and aviation applications.

    Notably, Ceramic Pro has garnered recognition on a global scale.

    In 2012, it was featured on TOP GEAR AUSTRALIA, and every year since, it has been showcased at the world-renowned SEMA car event.

    This international acknowledgment attests to the brand's prominence and innovation in the automotive industry.

    The relentless pursuit of excellence is evident in Ceramic Pro's continuous research endeavors.

    The result is the development of an exceptionally unique and durable ION TECHNOLOGY ceramic coating.

    This advanced coating is four times more durable and thicker than any other coating currently available in the market.

    Ceramic Pro's commitment to cutting-edge technology and continuous improvement sets it apart, making it a premier choice for those seeking unparalleled protection for their vehicles, vessels, or aircraft.

  • CeramicPro stands out as one of the leading and most innovative protective coatings available in the market. Its commitment to continuous research and development has resulted in the creation of one of the highest-quality ceramic coatings available.

    What sets CeramicPro apart is its exclusive approach to accreditation. Unlike other coatings, Ceramic Pro is discerning in selecting only a chosen few to be accredited installers. This stringent process ensures that those representing the CeramicPro brand adhere to the highest standards of application and expertise. By choosing CeramicPro, customers are not just investing in a protective coating; they are opting for a product that has been rigorously tested and recognized for its superior quality in the industry.

    The careful selection of accredited installers further emphasizes CeramicPro's dedication to delivering unmatched excellence in the realm of ceramic coatings.

the signature showroom package

  • For those wanting the highest level of protection for their car, then you can’t go past our Signature Showroom Package.

    Our Signature Showroom Package. includes everything your vehicle needs to be protected from contaminants, stains, and harsh environment factors inside and out.

    We’ll use high quality ceramic protective-coating products to clean and protect the exterior and interior of your vehicle, including windows and wheel rims.

    This package is designed for everyday cars, company vehicles, and car enthusiasts who want to protect their pride and joy.

    • Three-Stage Paint Correction:

    Our advanced three-stage paint correction process ensures the removal of 99 percent of defects, leaving your vehicle's finish flawless.

    • Comprehensive Polishing:

    The engine bay, door jams, and boot are meticulously polished, giving them a renewed and polished appearance.

    • Paint Refinement:

    Experience an enhanced deep gloss, improved clarity, and jewel-like polishing with our paint refinement service.

    • Residue-Free Finish:

    We pay attention to detail by thoroughly removing all polish residue, leaving your vehicle's surfaces clean and pristine.

    • Plastic, Rubber, Mold & Door Jam Treatment:

    We meticulously remove masking from all plastic, rubber, mold, and door jams, ensuring a seamless and refined look.

    • Interior Deep Clean:

    Our deep cleaning service extends to the interior, with a thorough shampoo extraction of seats, carpets, floor mats, and the boot. Windows are cleaned inside and out for a fresh and clear interior environment.

    • Wheel and Arch Revitalisation:

    Wheels are removed, arches undergo a deep clean, and calipers receive special attention. Both inner and outer wheels are meticulously cleaned to restore their original luster.

    • Glass Polishing:

    Front, back, passenger, and driver-side glass surfaces are polished to perfection, eliminating water spots and ensuring crystal-clear visibility.

    • Engine Bay Precision Cleaning:

    The engine bay is cleaned, with critical electronics carefully covered to prevent any damage.

    • Metal and Chrome Polishing:

    The final touch involves the meticulous polishing of metal and chrome surfaces, leaving them gleaming and reflective.

    • Archs, Caliper, Inner & Outer Wheels Ceramic Coated:

    Elevate the protection and aesthetics of your wheels with ceramic coating, extending its benefits to arches, calipers, and both inner and outer wheel surfaces.

    • Glass Ceramic Coating:

    Enhance visibility and protect your vehicle's glass surfaces with a ceramic coating applied to the front, back, driver, and passenger side windows.

    • Comprehensive Interior Ceramic Coating:

    Experience a new level of interior protection with ceramic coating applied to fabric, dash, leather, doors, entry card, navigation screen, carpets, and floor mats.

    • Engine Bay Ceramic Coated:

    Ensure long-lasting protection for your engine bay with a ceramic coating application, guarding against environmental elements and maintaining a pristine appearance.

    • Door Jams Ceramic Coated:

    Extend the ceramic coating to door jams, providing a seamless and protected finish for all exposed surfaces.

    • Metal, Plastic & Rubber Ceramic Coated:

    Preserve the exterior integrity of your vehicle by applying ceramic coating to metal, plastic, and rubber components, ensuring a durable and glossy finish.

    • Ceramic Pro ION BASE, ION TOP COAT:

    Our advanced ceramic coating system, including Ceramic Pro ION BASE and ION TOP COAT, offers up to seven years of comprehensive protection, delivering unmatched durability and longevity for your vehicle's surfaces.

    • Korean Plush Drying Towel:

    Our Korean plush drying towel is designed for maximum absorption, ensuring a streak-free and gentle drying experience for your vehicle.

    • Premium Korean Microfiber Cloths (Set of 10):

    This set includes 10 premium Korean microfiber cloths, providing superior softness and absorbency for various detailing tasks.

    • Glass Cloth:

    Achieve crystal-clear results with our specialized glass cloth, designed for streak-free cleaning and polishing of glass surfaces.

    • Gyeon Snow Foam:

    Experience effective pre-wash cleaning with Gyeon Snow Foam, providing a thorough and gentle solution to remove dirt and contaminants.

    • Gyeon Glass Cleaner:

    Ensure a pristine and clear view with Gyeon Glass Cleaner, formulated to eliminate streaks and smudges on your vehicle's glass surfaces.

    • Gyeon Wheel Cleaner:

    Specifically crafted for wheels, Gyeon Wheel Cleaner effortlessly removes brake dust and grime, leaving your wheels spotless and gleaming.

    • Gyeon Interior Cleaner:

    Maintain the interior of your vehicle with Gyeon Interior Cleaner, offering a gentle yet effective solution for cleaning various surfaces.

    • Soft Plush Brushes:

    Our soft plush brushes are perfect for delicate detailing, ensuring a thorough clean without scratching or damaging surfaces.

    • Tyre Brush:

    Keep your tires looking sharp with our dedicated tyre brush, designed for effective cleaning and revitalization.

    • Two Buckets with Grit Guards:

    The two-bucket system, complete with grit guards, enhances your wash process by minimizing the risk of introducing swirls and scratches during washing.

    • Printed Brochure on Ceramic Coated Car Maintenance:

    Receive a printed brochure outlining expert tips on maintaining and washing a ceramic-coated car.

    This valuable resource ensures that you get the most out of your ceramic coating investment.

    • Up to Seven Years Warranty:

    Enjoy peace of mind with our comprehensive warranty, offering protection for your ceramic coating for up to seven years.

    Drive with confidence, knowing your vehicle is safeguarded against environmental elements.

    • Warranty Card:

    Receive a warranty card detailing the terms and conditions of your ceramic coating coverage.

    Keep this card handy for easy reference and quick access to warranty information.

    • Ceramic Pro Maintenance Bottle:

    As part of our commitment to your satisfaction, each package includes a Ceramic Pro maintenance bottle.

    This specially formulated solution ensures the longevity and effectiveness of your ceramic coating, allowing you to easily maintain the brilliance of your vehicle's finish.

  • Our meticulous detailing process is completed within a timeframe of five to seven days.

    This ensures that each step, from paint correction to ceramic coating application, receives the necessary attention to detail, resulting in a comprehensive and high-quality finish for your vehicle.

    • Price on Application (POA):

    To provide you with the most tailored and competitive pricing, we offer a Price on Application (POA) model.

    Contact us for a personalized quote that aligns with your specific needs and preferences.

    • Customised Pricing:

    Working collaboratively, we can determine the optimal package for your vehicle.

    Prices for our comprehensive detailing package range between five and a half to seven thousand dollars, ensuring flexibility and customization to meet your individual requirements.